Allium sativum garlic and its significance for the protection against lead-induced toxicity in albino rats: a chromosomal study

A total of 140 rats was grouped into 14 groups [five females and five males for each group]: Positive control group given only 0.18 mg/kg garlic extract orally; six groups treated by 20, 40, 75, 155, 350 and 550 mg/kg lead acetate ip, respectively; another six groups given the same above-mentioned doses of lead acetate simultaneously with the same dose of garlic extract and a negative control group. The dosing regimen was given daily, five successive days/week for four consecutive weeks. The results showed no significant difference between garlic-treated rats and negative control group. On the other hand, significant increases in both total structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations were observed after treatment with either lead acetate or lead acetate and garlic extract when compared with the control group. However, animals treated with garlic extract simultaneously with lead acetate showed marked reductions in both total structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations when compared with lead treated animals

Carnosine protection against cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats: a biochemical and histological study

Cadmium in a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight was administered subcutaneously for a total period of 14 weeks in male albino rats. This resulted in a significant decrease in rats' terminal body weights; but renal function tests, including serum levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid, showed a marked significant increase. Furthermore, both blood cadmium and kidney cadmium concentrations showed a significant increase in cadmium-treated animals. Carnosine when supplemented orally in a dose of 0.15 mg/kg body weight concurrently with cadmium administration showed an improvement in both body weight gain and renal biochemical function as well as morphological architecture, but still below the initial control values. In contrast, body weights as well as renal function and morphology were corrected and became near the control values. In contrast, body weights as well as renal function and morphology were corrected and become near the control values on increasing the dose of carnosine to 0.3 mg/kg. Furthermore, the level of cadmium in either blood or kidney tissue of animals received cadmium simultaneously with carnosine was also significantly lower than in those animals received cadmium alone

Amelioration by nigella sativa [L.] of Methotrexate-induced toxicity in male albino rats: a biochemical, haematological and histological study

Methotrexate was administered to male albino rats in an interrupted treatment regimen comparable with proposed human clinical treatment. Animals were dosed orally with methotrexate with/without black seed oil daily for five consecutive days, followed by seven-days recovery period and the cycle of dosing and recovery was repeated for a total of four cycles. Changes in body weight [hepatic, renal and testicular functions] and hematopoietic system [erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets and hemoglobin] as well as hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, testicular and brain morphology were all used as parameters to assess methotrexate toxicity. The results indicated that treatment by methotrexate alone resulted in a significant decrease in hemopoietic parameters and marked alterations in morphological changes of liver, kidney, testis and intestine. On the other hand, concomitant treatment with methotrexate and black seed oil resulted in a reversibility of methotrexate depression of animal body weights as well as organ functions and morphology

Allium sativum [Garlic] and its significance for the protection against lead-induced toxicity in albino rats: physical growth and mortality rate

This study was undertaken to examine the protective effect of garlic in heavy metal poisoning. Owing to its contents, that is allyl disulfide and -SH compounds, garlic has been expected to be involved in the detoxication of heavy metal poisonings by forming thiochelate compounds when reacting with heavy metals in living bodies. To examine this hypothesis more closely, a chronological observation was made to determine the effect of garlic in removing lead from tissues and restoring the normal architecture in organs of rats poisoned by lead. To our knowledge, this is the first study dealing with the effects of garlic on the lead-induced toxicity in albino rats. A total of 140 albino rats were divided into 14 groups, 5 male and 5 female rats per each group: One which was given only 0.18 mg/kg/day of garlic orally which was equivalent to the human prescribed dose; six groups were given 20, 40, 75, 155, 350 and 550 mg/kg/day lead acetate ip respectively; another six groups were given the same above-mentioned doses of lead acetate after receiving the same dose of garlic; and a negative control group. Blood was collected front all rats after 24 hours from the final injection of lead acetate with out garlic for consecutive 4 weeks, and was centrifuged to collect erythrocytes. At the same time, the livers, brains, and kidneys were ectomized to study the total amount of accumulated lead in both blood and tissue organs, as well as the organ weights in relation to total body weights. The mortality rate was reduced among the groups of rats that received garlic and lead acetate when compared with lead- treated ones Furthermore. There was a significant decrease in the body weights of lead-treated rats compared to those that were pretreated with garlic. Similarly, organ weights showed a significant increase in both the brain and kidneys but not in the liver. On the other hand, both blood-lead and tissue-lead levels, including the liver, showed a significant increase in lead treated rats. However, garlic has significantly decreased both the blood-lead and tissue-lead levels. Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation between blood-lead levels and body weights, while there was a positive correlation between these blood-lead levels and organ weights. Although the removal of lead from the tissues increased remarkably in the garlic-treated groups, the removal of lead from the liver tissue appeared to be below that of other organs. As regards the sex difference, there was only a significant increase in the brain weights of female rats among the control group. The results indicate that garlic contained chelating compounds that are capable of enhancing elimination of lead

Allium sativum [Garlic] and its significance for the protection against lead-induced toxicity in albino rats: a biochemical and histological study on the liver, kidney and brain

A total of 140 albino rats were divided into 14 groups. Five male and another 5 female rats per each group: The positive control group was given only 0.18 mg/kg/day garlic extract orally. Six groups were given 20, 40, 75, 155, 350 and 550 mg/kg/day lead acetate intraperitoneally respectively. Another six groups were given the same above-mentioned doses of lead acetate simultaneously with the same dose of garlic extract; and a negative control group. Twenty four hours after 4-consecutive weeks of injection, retro-orbital blood as well as blood from cardiac chambers was collected for subsequent determination of both hepatic and renal function tests. At the same time, the liver, kidneys and brain were ectomized for subsequent histological examination as well as determination of tissue- lead. The results showed that garlic significantly decreased both the concentrations of tissue-lead and the hepatic as well as renal function tests, but not to the initial values of the control groups. Furthermore, the histological changes observed in either the liver or kidney sections of lead treated rats which were pretreated with garlic were found to be less marked than those found in lead treated rats only. The results indicate that garlic contained chelating compounds which are capable of enhancing elimination of lead

Allium sativum [Garlic] and its significance for the protection against lead-induced toxicity in albino rats: a haematological study

A total of 140 albino rats were divided into 14 groups; 5 males and 5 females per each group: The positive control group was given only 0.18 mg/kg garlic orally; six groups were given lead acetate ip: another six groups were given lead acetate preceded by garlic; and a negative control gioup. 24 hours after the last treatment, blood was collected for subsequent determination of blood-lead as well as serum copper and zinc. At the same time, complete blood count together with blood films for subsequent differential leucocytic counts were also done. Blood-lead levels showed a significant increase -in a dose- dependent manner-in lead-treated rats. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the total WBCs, while the Hb%, RBCs as ivell as platelets were all sigtitficantly decteased among the lead-treated rats. Fut-thermore, there was also a significant increase in the mean percent of stab and segmented WBCs as well as eosinophils, while the lymphocytes were sigtuficantly decreased in the lead-treated rats. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the mean values of serum copper, while serum zinc was significantly decreased in lead-treated rats. On the other hand, gallic significantly reversed these results, but not to the initial mean values of the control groups. These results indicate that garlic contained chelating compounds which are capable of enhancing elinnnation of lead

Allium sativum [Garlic] and its significance for the protection against lead-induced toxicity in albino fertility study: a male fertility study

A total of 70 mole albino rats were divided into 14 groups, 5 animals/group. The positive control group was given only 0.18 mg/kg garlic orally; six groups were given lead acetate ip in an average daily doses of 20, 40, 75, 155, 350 and 550 mg/kg respectively; another six groups were treated by the same previously - mentioned doses of lead acetate, but following the oral treatment of the same dose of garlic; and a negative control group. Twenty-four hours after 4-consecutive weeks of treatment, retro-orbital blood as well as blood from the cardiac chambers was collected for subsequent determination of both blood-lead and serum hormonal values of total testosterone, FSH, LH, and prolactin. At the same time, the testes were ectomized for subsequent histological examination, as well as determination of tissue-lead. Garlic significantly decreased the mean values of blood-lead concentraions, while those of testicular lead were non-significantly suppressed. Furthermore, garlic also non-significantly increased the mean values of hormones, which were totally suppressed by lead. Moreover, garlic imposed a protective action on some lead-induced histological abnormalities especially in rats treated by the smaller doses of lead. The results possibly indicate that garlic contained chelating compounds which arc capable of enhancing elimination of lead and improving the fertility status

use of spectrophotometer in identification of bloodstains: normal haemoglobin and glycosylated hameoglobin

This study was attempted to apply an easy and low-cost method foridentification, differentiation of species of origin, and aging ofbloodstains. There were quite wide variations in the values of thealpha-ratio between bloodstains of different animal species and those of humanbeings. There was a significant negative correlation between themeans of the alpha-ratio and time in all the studied species extracted withboth ammonia and saline. This work showed an absorption spectrum, in thevisible region, of a minute speck of blood, which can prove that the substance under examination is blood. However, no accurate data could be given for thedifferentiation between animal and human blood, or between diabetic andnondiabetic human blood

Subacute subchronic toxicity of formaldehyde by inhalation in male albino rats: histopathological and image analysis studies on nasal mucosa

This study aimed to evaluate the inhalation toxicity to the nasal epitheliumof rats, formaldehyde [HCHO] at a high concentration for both short andmoderate periods. 24 adult male albino rats were exposed to a concentrationof 30 ppm formaldehyde vapor during 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for successive 4,8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Histopathological examination as well asassessment of the DNA content of mucosal nuclei using the computerized imageanalysis [IA] system were both done. Histopathological examination revealedthat the aldehyde produced both involutional changes, such as erosion andatrophic epithelium, and proliferative reactions, such ashyperplastic-metaplastic as well as dysplastic lesions. Furthermore, all thelesions elaborated diploid histograms with variable degree of statisticallysignificant increases of mucosal cells at the S- phase compared with thecontrol. Therefore, the results indicated that there was an increasedreactivity of the nasal mucosal cells towards formaldehyde vapor

use of spectrophotometer in indentification of bloodstains: abnormal haemoglobins

The present work was designed to apply an easy as well as low- cost method forboth identification and aging of human blood stains with abnormal hemoglobins. This study was conducted on 68 blood stains. Hemoglobin as well as hemoglobinelectrophoresis were done for the whole blood samples. The remaining of eachblood sample was then spread, in equal amounts, on cotton fabrics, dried atroom temperature, and stored in filter paper envelops. Blood hemoglobincurves were drawn and the alpha ratio was calculated for all the specimens atintervals of 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. There was a significant differencein the mean alpha ratio between subjects with abnormal hemoglobins whencompared with the control group. There was as well a significant negativecorrelation between the mean alpha ratio and time in all the studied groups. The present work showed that an absorption spectrum of a minute speck of bloodcan prove that the substance under examination is blood. Furthermore, therate at which the alpha ratio decreases might be of more value in aging ofblood stains than the alpha ratio itself

Glycosylated proteins in vitreous versus blood as a post-mortem diagnostic measure for diabetes mellitus

The present study was carried out on 79 Egyptian cadavers, aged 14-75 years. They were classified into two groups: Group I [n = 49] included cadavers withnegative history of diabetes mellitus, and group II [n = 30] included cadaverswith positive history of diabetes mellitus. Randomly collected blood samplesas well as vitreous samples from both eyes of cadavers were used and laboratory investigations were performed. The data ultimately obtained were analyzed statistically to be used as a simple model system for postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. It was concluded that the F/A as well as F/P ratios from the vitreous were considered to be better parameters that fructosamine and/or glucose in the postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. They were less expensive and less time-consuming than detecting fructosamine and/or glucose in serum, which need correction due to hemolysis- induced interferences. Moreover, the vitreous fluid being well isolated, sterile and devoid of blood was much more better than blood in the postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

ultrastructureal, histological and biochemical study on the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of a therapeutic dose of an expired preparation of gentamycin in albino rats

Gentamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with nephrotoxicity and suggestedhepatotoxicity. Nonprescription use/abuse of nephrotoxic drugs was suggestedas contributing factor to the increase in incidence of renal failure in Egypt. The current study included cases of accidental intake of expired preparationof gentamycin. Three groups of adult albino rats of both sexes were classified into 3 groups: Group 1, distilled water = vehicle [n = 8]; group 2,expired preparation of gentamycin sulfate [n = 10] and group 3, gentamycinsulfate [n = 10]. Animals were examined and weighed daily. Doses were 7.2mg/kg/12 hrs, i.m. for 7 days. This was equivalent to the human therapeuticdose. On the 8th day, all animals were sacrificed and retro-orbital blood wassampled for ALT/AST [SGPT/SGOT], total bilirubin, urea and creatinine. Liverand kidney sections were prepared for staining by hematoxylin and eosin, PASand Masson's Trichrome. Liver and kidney of previously randomly chosenanimals from group 1 [n = 1], groups 2 and 3 [n = 2/group] were preparedfor electron microscopy. Group 2, females showed significant decreases inbody weight gain. Total bilirubin showed significant rise in group 2 femalesthan in group 3, while AST showed a significant increase in group 2 males thanin group 3. Liver changes were marked in group 2, while renal histopathologywas more obvious in group 3

Autolytic changes in blood cells of albino rats a post-mortem morphologic study

The morphology of various types of cells in the peripheral blood of albinorats cadavers was investigated. The material comprised 32 adult male albinorats from which ante-mortem blood samples were compared to postmortem samplestaken every hour up to 6 hours after death. The rat corpses were eitherexposed to the environmental temperature [31 +/- 3C], or kept at +10C in anincubator. The red cell count, and the total white cell and platelet countsdecreased significantly during the first few hours postmortem in theenvironmentally-exposed group of corpses. Red cells were quite rapidlytransformed from the normal rounded discoid configuration to acquireinvaginations, crenations and later on, spheroidal configuration and membraneabsorption. Rapid deterioration of the staining properties, and markedmorphological changes in many leucocytes occurred quite rapidly after death. Lymphocytes seemed to be the most resistant to the effect of autolysis. Thepresent morphological observations and the quantitative results suggested thatvarious cellular elements of the blood seem to be quite resistant to autolyticeffects in the early postmortem period, and many cells apparently retain theirnormal morphology for longer periods of time in the blood of rat cadavers keptat reduced temperature

Effect of acute lead intoxication on the ultrastructure of the peripheral blood and bone marrow of male albino rats

Forty adult male albino rats were used in the current study [control rats n =20, 10 rats per each experimental group, group 1 - experimental "after 3 hoursof injection", and group 2 - experimental" after 6 hours of injection" n =10]. The experimental groups were injected intraperitoneally with a singledose of lead acetate, 150 mg/kg body weight dissolved in distilled water. Retro-orbital blood was sampled for the determination of blood lead level,complete blood count, and differential leucocytic count. In addition, bloodand bone marrow samples were obtained for transmission electron microscopicstudies from ten randomly chosen animals. Blood lead levels showed asignificant increase in both group 1 and group 2. Red blood cells countshowed a nonsignificant decrease in both experimental groups, while the totalleucocytic count showed a nonsignificant increase. Hemoglobin concentrationand platelet count decreased in both experimental groups, but this decreasewas significant only in group 2. Hypersegmentation of the neutrophilicnucleus was observed in both experimental groups. The ultrastructuralalterations such as irregular nuclei, occasional nuclear pockets, the presenceof cytoplasmic vacuoles containing inclusions, dilatation of rough endoplasmicreticulum cisternae were most clearly expressed in some neutrophils of group 2. Furthermore, electron dense nuclear inclusions, with a densecenter and outer fibrilly zone, together with dilated nuclear membrane werepresented among the erythroid cell series. Besides, bizarre shaped ordeformed red cells were also seen. Platelets showed hypo-granularity withdilated open canalicular system [OCS] and satellitism